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Digg it UP - GPS Time Servers For Network Time Synchronisation
Are you an if-er or a do-er?If you've been around the promotion circle long enough and even if you have not, you probably heard this one before, test, test, test! But before you embark into a promotional odyssey for your evolving publication full speed ahead, it is a good idea and very essential that you market test your offer (s), if you want a full fledge promotion to give you the best results.For those who feel this to be utterly unnecessary consider for a moment all the possible missed - opportunities:A) What if this or that approach could have wo
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the
Are you writing a children’s book -- nonfiction or fiction? Here are a few tips on how to test your almost final draft. And test your manuscript on the same audience that is going to read the book. Make them junior editors. 1. Talk with a teacher at your local school that has a classroom of your book’s age group. Ask for permission to come in and read the book to the class. Video tape the children’s reactions or ask two people to accompany you to record the children’s reactions to direct parts of the story. Give each of the recorders a copy of the man
This article discusses how GPS time server systems obtain precise timing information to provide a highly accurate timing reference for network time synchronization.
GPS Time Servers
The GPS system consists of a constellation of 24 orbiting satellites, each with a precise atomic clock timing reference. The system covers the entire globe. Precise time information is continuously broadcast from each of the satellites. The broadcast timing information can be easily received with a relatively low-cost GPS antenna and receiver.
GPS time is broadcast as Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), which is similar to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC time is the same worldwide; it does not vary with time zone or daylight saving time. UTC is a high precision atomic time standard maintained by atomic clocks located in national standards laboratories. UTC has uniform seconds defined by the International Atomic Time (TAI) institute.
GPS Radio Transmissions
The GPS satellites transmit information as very low-power radio frequency transmissions. Two designated frequencies are used, one for civilian use coded L1, and one for military use coded L2. The civilian L1 frequency is transmitted at 1575 MHz. The weak radio transmission can easily pass through plastics and glass but is blocked by metal and brick.
GPS Antenna Location
The GPS antenna needs to have a good view of the sky in order to receive transmissions from as many satellites as possible. Ideally, a roof-mounted antenna is best with a full 360-degree view of the sky. However, quite often an antenna located on the side of a building with a 180-degree view of the sky is adequate provided the horizon is not too obscured.
GPS Antenna Types
The GPS antenna is essentially a signal amplifier. The antenna boosts the received GPS signals for transmission along a cable to a receiver for decoding. Coax cable is generally used to transfer signal information between the GPS antenna and receiver. GPS antennas are available in a range of shapes and sizes. The most common antennas types being pole-mounting dome shaped antennas and small patch type antennas. The pole-mounting antenna screws onto a threaded pole for mounting. While the patch type antenna is a small flat-bottomed device ideal for mounting on a windowsill.
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the
It sounds like a ridiculous statement. “The guest is not the enemy”. Of course they aren’t! But to many of us, the guest is the enemy. How quickly we can take that guest at the front desk and turn them into fire breathing dragons, monsters that have every staff member on edge and scared to death.Here is a scenario on how one of your guests becomes the enemy: Jane Guestarama has been bumped from two flights on the way to your hotel. She had an argument with her boyfriend about where they are going to spend the holidays while she waited for the next flight. H
GPS Time Servers
The GPS system consists of a constellation of 24 orbiting satellites, each with a precise atomic clock timing reference. The system covers the entire globe. Precise time information is continuously broadcast from each of the satellites. The broadcast timing information can be easily received with a relatively low-cost GPS antenna and receiver.
GPS time is broadcast as Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), which is similar to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC time is the same worldwide; it does not vary with time zone or daylight saving time. UTC is a high precision atomic time standard maintained by atomic clocks located in national standards laboratories. UTC has uniform seconds defined by the International Atomic Time (TAI) institute.
GPS Radio Transmissions
The GPS satellites transmit information as very low-power radio frequency transmissions. Two designated frequencies are used, one for civilian use coded L1, and one for military use coded L2. The civilian L1 frequency is transmitted at 1575 MHz. The weak radio transmission can easily pass through plastics and glass but is blocked by metal and brick.
GPS Antenna Location
The GPS antenna needs to have a good view of the sky in order to receive transmissions from as many satellites as possible. Ideally, a roof-mounted antenna is best with a full 360-degree view of the sky. However, quite often an antenna located on the side of a building with a 180-degree view of the sky is adequate provided the horizon is not too obscured.
GPS Antenna Types
The GPS antenna is essentially a signal amplifier. The antenna boosts the received GPS signals for transmission along a cable to a receiver for decoding. Coax cable is generally used to transfer signal information between the GPS antenna and receiver. GPS antennas are available in a range of shapes and sizes. The most common antennas types being pole-mounting dome shaped antennas and small patch type antennas. The pole-mounting antenna screws onto a threaded pole for mounting. While the patch type antenna is a small flat-bottomed device ideal for mounting on a windowsill.
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the
The success or failure of a promotional marketing campaign is largely dependent on the type and quality of any merchandise used. It is therefore crucial to choose the right promotional merchandise vendor – one with the relevant experience and expertise to meet the promotion’s objectives.But in order to discover new and innovative ways to make a positive and lasting impression on customers, prospective customers and employees, it is not enough to simply find a vendor that sells promotional merchandise. The difference is found with those suppliers that are passionate
GPS Radio Transmissions
The GPS satellites transmit information as very low-power radio frequency transmissions. Two designated frequencies are used, one for civilian use coded L1, and one for military use coded L2. The civilian L1 frequency is transmitted at 1575 MHz. The weak radio transmission can easily pass through plastics and glass but is blocked by metal and brick.
GPS Antenna Location
The GPS antenna needs to have a good view of the sky in order to receive transmissions from as many satellites as possible. Ideally, a roof-mounted antenna is best with a full 360-degree view of the sky. However, quite often an antenna located on the side of a building with a 180-degree view of the sky is adequate provided the horizon is not too obscured.
GPS Antenna Types
The GPS antenna is essentially a signal amplifier. The antenna boosts the received GPS signals for transmission along a cable to a receiver for decoding. Coax cable is generally used to transfer signal information between the GPS antenna and receiver. GPS antennas are available in a range of shapes and sizes. The most common antennas types being pole-mounting dome shaped antennas and small patch type antennas. The pole-mounting antenna screws onto a threaded pole for mounting. While the patch type antenna is a small flat-bottomed device ideal for mounting on a windowsill.
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the
Finding the home that is right for you and your family can be a complicated undertaking. Add to this the fact that you will likely need to find a home that will perfect for many years to come and the process becomes even harder. So how can you best be sure that you will find the right home? Preparation and patience. There's no two ways about it, when looking for a home you need to do your homework (pun intended) and be patient and not jump on the first "acceptable" home that comes up.You have the right to be choosy when buying a home, after all you are spending a r
The GPS antenna needs to have a good view of the sky in order to receive transmissions from as many satellites as possible. Ideally, a roof-mounted antenna is best with a full 360-degree view of the sky. However, quite often an antenna located on the side of a building with a 180-degree view of the sky is adequate provided the horizon is not too obscured.
GPS Antenna Types
The GPS antenna is essentially a signal amplifier. The antenna boosts the received GPS signals for transmission along a cable to a receiver for decoding. Coax cable is generally used to transfer signal information between the GPS antenna and receiver. GPS antennas are available in a range of shapes and sizes. The most common antennas types being pole-mounting dome shaped antennas and small patch type antennas. The pole-mounting antenna screws onto a threaded pole for mounting. While the patch type antenna is a small flat-bottomed device ideal for mounting on a windowsill.
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the
Lenders who offer 100% financing typically offer them as a loan broken down into two pieces – a first loan for the first 80%, and a second loan to cover the final 20%.The reason the loan is broken up is that the borrower does not have to pay private mortgage insurance (PMI) on either loan. A typical 100% loan has this PMI charge as an additional charge to compensate the lender for the risk involved in 100% financing. For a lending institution a 100% loan on a property offers them no equity “cushion” in case the value of the property goes down.Some lenders of
GPS Receivers
GPS receivers decode the GPS transmission received from the antenna into a useable format. There are a number of protocols utilised by GPS receivers, the most common being NMEA. The NMEA protocol consists of a number of sentences. Each NMEA sentence provides a packet on information consisting of time, date and positioning information. The protocol also provides information indicating visible satellites and satellite location.
GPS time servers may utilise a specific GPS timing receiver. Timing receivers have additional functions to ensure a highly accurate reference time. They can also perform an automated survey and compare satellite atomic clocks to check for synchronicity. GPS time servers may also utilise an accurate pulse per second (PPS) output generated by the receiver. A PPS output provides a highly accurate reference trigger for GPS timing.
GPS Antenna Installation
The maximum cable distance that can be utilised by a GPS antenna and receiver depends on the gain of the antenna and the coax utilised. A typical antenna used with a GPS time server may have 35dB gain. RG58 coax has an attenuation of 0.64dB/m at 1575MHz. A cable run of 35/0.64 = 55m could therefore be utilised. Higher quality coax has a much lower attenuation value allowing longer cable runs. Also GPS amplifiers and updown converters can be utilised to increase cable length still further. Surgelightening arrestors are also recommended on externally mounted GPS antennas to protect expensive network equipment from potential damage by lightening strikes.
Summary
The Global Positioning System provides a highly accurate reference clock ideal for network time server systems and computer time synchronisation. Accuracies of a few nanoseconds can be reasonably achieved with relatively low-cost GPS receivers and antennas.
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