importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea,

Special psychological importance attaches to those patterns of observed quality that are referred to the organism of the reporter. Because of their relative simplicity and lack of coherent organization, these are often called organic sensations and bodily feelings. They comprise a large field of natural events, directly accessible only to the subject. They are, therefore, extremely private and subjective in character, yet they play a conspicuous r?le in mental life. Their range in quality, variety, and degree of complexity is very great. They enter into complex fusions and patterns of which the elements or constituents are often not easily identifiable nor readily namable. We may best approach them and exhibit their importance by beginning with the simpler and more definitely localizable forms.

First may be enumerated such events as ache, pain, nausea, itch, tickle, strain, tension, stiffness, hunger, thirst, cramp, soreness, repletion. These are patterns of attribute and quality, definitely structured or markedly processual, with characteristic temporal organization and with rather clearly discernible spatial character. They are closely correlated with what we know in visual and tactile terms as the bodily tissues. In the course of learning they come to be definitely localized in parts of the body. Thus the ache is found to be associated with or located in tooth, toe, or ear. Each of these types of object comprises a considerable array of subforms, degrees, and varieties. Thus pains differ widely among themselves, although adequate classifications and analyses of such events are not yet available. We can only roughly localize the various pains that occur, indicate their duration and intensity, apply such qualitative or intensive terms as stabbing, throbbing, sharp, dull, and the like, and roughly describe their course of change. We cannot even state confidently what "neural structures" are correlated with pain, nor, in detail, the nature of the antecedents or stimuli. Such events are of special importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea,

egree of complexity is very great. They enter into complex fusions and patterns of which the elements or constituents are often not easily identifiable nor readily namable. We may best approach them and exhibit their importance by beginning with the simpler and more definitely localizable forms.

First may be enumerated such events as ache, pain, nausea, itch, tickle, strain, tension, stiffness, hunger, thirst, cramp, soreness, repletion. These are patterns of attribute and quality, definitely structured or markedly processual, with characteristic temporal organization and with rather clearly discernible spatial character. They are closely correlated with what we know in visual and tactile terms as the bodily tissues. In the course of learning they come to be definitely localized in parts of the body. Thus the ache is found to be associated with or located in tooth, toe, or ear. Each of these types of object comprises a considerable array of subforms, degrees, and varieties. Thus pains differ widely among themselves, although adequate classifications and analyses of such events are not yet available. We can only roughly localize the various pains that occur, indicate their duration and intensity, apply such qualitative or intensive terms as stabbing, throbbing, sharp, dull, and the like, and roughly describe their course of change. We cannot even state confidently what "neural structures" are correlated with pain, nor, in detail, the nature of the antecedents or stimuli. Such events are of special importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea,

tured or markedly processual, with characteristic temporal organization and with rather clearly discernible spatial character. They are closely correlated with what we know in visual and tactile terms as the bodily tissues. In the course of learning they come to be definitely localized in parts of the body. Thus the ache is found to be associated with or located in tooth, toe, or ear. Each of these types of object comprises a considerable array of subforms, degrees, and varieties. Thus pains differ widely among themselves, although adequate classifications and analyses of such events are not yet available. We can only roughly localize the various pains that occur, indicate their duration and intensity, apply such qualitative or intensive terms as stabbing, throbbing, sharp, dull, and the like, and roughly describe their course of change. We cannot even state confidently what "neural structures" are correlated with pain, nor, in detail, the nature of the antecedents or stimuli. Such events are of special importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea,

y among themselves, although adequate classifications and analyses of such events are not yet available. We can only roughly localize the various pains that occur, indicate their duration and intensity, apply such qualitative or intensive terms as stabbing, throbbing, sharp, dull, and the like, and roughly describe their course of change. We cannot even state confidently what "neural structures" are correlated with pain, nor, in detail, the nature of the antecedents or stimuli. Such events are of special importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea,

importance for two reasons.

In the first place, they tend to be relatively persistent and enduring. A tactual object on the surface of the skin may be easily brushed away; visual objects may be at least temporarily "dismissed" by merely closing the eyes; we can avoid sounds by departing from their "vicinity." But the correlated conditions of these organic patterns are often changeable only with difficulty; they follow wherever we go. Such persistent and omnipresent patterns as ache, pain, nausea, hunger, strain, and the like, therefore, readily play the tale of motives. In the second place, these patterns of organic sensation are commonly associated with bodily conditions inimical to the health of the individual. They accompany extreme degrees of activity and stress, injury to tissues, nutritive or respiratory deficiency, local conditions of disease or infection, and so on. Not only are they annoyances and distractions in the normal course of other activities, into which they intrude. They also represent conditions and antecedents that have some ominous or significant bearing on the vital welfare of the organism or of its special structures.

In some cases, as in nausea, reflex acts are automatically provoked. Vomiting is a mechanism which even in infants serves directly to contribute toward alleviation of the stimulus which prompts it. Superficial itch and tickle soon come to lead to retouching movements or pressure, rubbing and massage, which afford "relief." Distension of bladder and colon are followed by the reflex adjustments of elimination. The oppressiveness of suffocation leads to vigorous struggling and gasping, which tend under simple conditions to allay the influences which provoke them. These masses of "organic sensation" may, therefore, appropriately be called cravings or irritants. In their persistence they lead to various modes of adaptation, either natively or through learning, calculated to annul them. They may not be accompanied by any symbolic representation of the technique of alleviation, although often such a symbol is their very first consequent. In such cases the term "craving" is even popularly applied. Thus hunger and thirst are recognized as cravings for definite adjustments. But even when there is no such representation, by a symbol, of the native or learned technique of alleviation, these patterns are, nevertheless, cravings. They are conditions which persist, with disruptive effect on other sequences, until they are satisfied or removed.