Tags |
|
|
Links |
|
|
Digg it UP - The Word: Personality
For many people, meeting and shaking the hands of prospective customers, is an act of bravery. They have to put on a smiling face and may end up going from one grouchy person to another. Some people call attending networking meetings, or a Chamber of Commerce get-together as pressing the flesh (shaking hands). I prefer the term “counting coup.”For Amercian Indians “counting coup” was a way to show bravery and activity on the battlefield. I see this as a legitimate term in business today. Whereas the Indians would swoop down and lightly touch someone with the end of their bow, or womp someone with a non-lethal blow of their coup stick, shaking the hand counts as much in my viewpoint.“Coup was counted to establish position in the tribal honor system. Status mattered, and competition to count the greatest coup was intense. Personal exploits of exceptional bravery and daring counted most. Killing an enemy at long range counted no coup; winning by overwhelming numbers counted no coup. But the solitary warrior in a headlong battle charge climaxed by h
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given beh
Hardware Requirements:I am assuming that you have the necessary equipment as detailed in my previous article about 'How to get the equipment to watch English TV in Europe'.You need:A TV (preferably one with a SCART socket) An ex-rental Sky Digibox that has already been used in the UKA dish of the appropriate size (see my earlier article and astra2d.com for a size guide) with LNBCo-ax cableA Sky viewing card or Freeview cardNecessary fixings to mount the dish Mounting the dishThe satellite we are looking for is Astra 2D 28.2E. This located at 28.2 degrees East of South. Let me tell you why setting up the angle and elevation is very important and has to be done very carefully. Astra 2D is in a geostationary orbit, which means it appears to be stationary when seen from the rotating earth.. The normal height for a geostationary satellite is 36,000Km and the satellite is only 8m tall and just over 2
What is Personality?
‘Personality’ is a word originated from the Latin persona, which means ‘mask’. “Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent, or typify that character.” (Wikipedia).
Personality is a broadly used term which meaning can be sought through popular knowledge. Most people use the word as a reference to the collection of characteristics which define how a person sees and acts upon the world – something like a mix of their thought processes and behaviour. In psychology, it could be defined as the emotional, cognitive and behavioural patterns unique to an individual, learned and incremented through experience, and relatively consistent over time.
Overview of the Personality Framework
The study of personality has developed relatively parallel to the evolution of psychology as a science. The perspective on human nature has been floating between nature and nurture throughout the years, with researchers constantly finding evidence to support and validate both determinants. Thus, many theoretical concepts of personality were based on the perspective that psychologists and behavioural scientists had of human nature at a certain period in time.
“Over the years, numerous personality theories have been proposed, and they can be classified within several major approaches, each assuming its own model of human nature. Personality psychologists within each approach emphasise different aspects of personality, favor different research methods, and use different standards to evaluate sufficient explanations.” (Peterson 1997)
Understanding personality involves not only analysing the individual as a whole, but considering individual behaviour in a particular social context. Culture plays a major role in defining the variants between individuals. For instance, western civilisations tend to encourage individuality – which increases the incidence of people that present unique behaviour with the aim of standing out. Being distinctive in our society is normally a social benefit. In other societies – such as Japan and China – uniqueness can play a divergent role: standing out is not socially sanctioned and therefore not admirable.
Theories of Personality
“The major theoretical approaches to personality are akin to great schools that dominated psychology throughout the early part of the twentieth century”. (Peterson 1997)
Psychodynamic Theory
Encouraged by Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, psychodynamic theories emphasise motivation and emotion as the major dictators of personality, along with the presence of unconscious divergences of individuals. In such theory, libido (defined by Freud as a ‘psychological energy’) is the primary determinant of our behaviour. This perspective concentrates on the conflict between an individual’s biological motivation (instincts) and the social rules which guide common individual behaviour. In the psychodynamic theory, the structure of personality is described in terms of the conscious, preconscious and unconscious (id, ego and superego). Other major contributors of this theory were Carl Jung (collective unconscious), Alfred Adler (compensation for inferiority) and Erik Erikson (psychosocial development).
Trait Theory
The trait approach is derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution and the emphasis on individual variation within a species, defining the function of that individual in the social setting. This theory is mainly concerned with the heritable traits which determine behaviour and result in particular characteristics and types of individuals. Such theory began with Gordon Allport around 1937. Allport defined a trait as “a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide equivalent (meaningfully consistent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior.” (1961)
The Big Five is a model of personality that describes five defining personality traits. They were originally described by Warren Norman (1963) and consist of: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Phenomenological Theory
The Phenomenological approach stresses the importance of the cognitive side of human behaviour – therefore – what and how people think. Phenomenological theory dictates that conscious thoughts and beliefs are the major determinants of personality. This approach puts individuals in the role of scientist: analysing the world and themselves within a social context to reach conclusions about the formation and display of personality traits. George Kelly, a clinical psychologist, developed the concept of ‘personal constructs’ which refers to the “categories with which we interpret our experiences” (Peterson 1997). The personal construct theory suggests that our interpretations of the world around us create our personality. Therefore the concept of personality is a flexible one.
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given beha
The Great Crash of 2005 could have only occurred for one reason: there simply wasn’t enough money coming into the system the money was that was being withdrawn. It looked to me like the Glory Days had been backed by a hefty reserve fund that DxInOne had set in place. By this line of reasoning, The Crash was merely the culmination of a bizarre process of self-induced hemorrhaging. The company, it seemed, had been bleeding itself dry for months.What were the consequences of The Crash?Aside from the most crucial fact, that people couldn’t move money out of the system, there were two others.The first one was the matter of The Crash’s effect on monthly fees.Just like he would be required to at any bricks and mortar bank, the DxInOne member must pay monthly fees. The important point here is that until the time of the Crash, members were able to pay these fees from the profits their accounts generated each month. There was always more than enough money left over for profits and fee coverage: one simply had to order the fee-money out of the system,
The study of personality has developed relatively parallel to the evolution of psychology as a science. The perspective on human nature has been floating between nature and nurture throughout the years, with researchers constantly finding evidence to support and validate both determinants. Thus, many theoretical concepts of personality were based on the perspective that psychologists and behavioural scientists had of human nature at a certain period in time.
“Over the years, numerous personality theories have been proposed, and they can be classified within several major approaches, each assuming its own model of human nature. Personality psychologists within each approach emphasise different aspects of personality, favor different research methods, and use different standards to evaluate sufficient explanations.” (Peterson 1997)
Understanding personality involves not only analysing the individual as a whole, but considering individual behaviour in a particular social context. Culture plays a major role in defining the variants between individuals. For instance, western civilisations tend to encourage individuality – which increases the incidence of people that present unique behaviour with the aim of standing out. Being distinctive in our society is normally a social benefit. In other societies – such as Japan and China – uniqueness can play a divergent role: standing out is not socially sanctioned and therefore not admirable.
Theories of Personality
“The major theoretical approaches to personality are akin to great schools that dominated psychology throughout the early part of the twentieth century”. (Peterson 1997)
Psychodynamic Theory
Encouraged by Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, psychodynamic theories emphasise motivation and emotion as the major dictators of personality, along with the presence of unconscious divergences of individuals. In such theory, libido (defined by Freud as a ‘psychological energy’) is the primary determinant of our behaviour. This perspective concentrates on the conflict between an individual’s biological motivation (instincts) and the social rules which guide common individual behaviour. In the psychodynamic theory, the structure of personality is described in terms of the conscious, preconscious and unconscious (id, ego and superego). Other major contributors of this theory were Carl Jung (collective unconscious), Alfred Adler (compensation for inferiority) and Erik Erikson (psychosocial development).
Trait Theory
The trait approach is derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution and the emphasis on individual variation within a species, defining the function of that individual in the social setting. This theory is mainly concerned with the heritable traits which determine behaviour and result in particular characteristics and types of individuals. Such theory began with Gordon Allport around 1937. Allport defined a trait as “a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide equivalent (meaningfully consistent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior.” (1961)
The Big Five is a model of personality that describes five defining personality traits. They were originally described by Warren Norman (1963) and consist of: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Phenomenological Theory
The Phenomenological approach stresses the importance of the cognitive side of human behaviour – therefore – what and how people think. Phenomenological theory dictates that conscious thoughts and beliefs are the major determinants of personality. This approach puts individuals in the role of scientist: analysing the world and themselves within a social context to reach conclusions about the formation and display of personality traits. George Kelly, a clinical psychologist, developed the concept of ‘personal constructs’ which refers to the “categories with which we interpret our experiences” (Peterson 1997). The personal construct theory suggests that our interpretations of the world around us create our personality. Therefore the concept of personality is a flexible one.
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given beh
Anyone who makes to make it in the car audio business knows that the trick to survival (and to making profits) is in finding good wholesalers. Wholesalers can provide you with products at very cheap prices, so that you can benefit financially. If you’re interested in making money through car audio, you need to put together a car audio wholesale list.So, what’s a car audio wholesale list? This is the list you’re going to compile of car audio wholesalers, companies that you can contact about buying products for your car audio sales. These products can be re-sold on eBay, on your personal web site, or inside a store front that you own. And it all starts with the car audio wholesale list.How do you go about putting together a car audio wholesale list? First, you have to find some viable car audio wholesales and familiarize yourself with the products that they offer. Don’t choose a car audio wholesale that doesn’t carry products you’re interested in – why would you? Look only at those suppliers that have products that st
Theories of Personality
“The major theoretical approaches to personality are akin to great schools that dominated psychology throughout the early part of the twentieth century”. (Peterson 1997)
Psychodynamic Theory
Encouraged by Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, psychodynamic theories emphasise motivation and emotion as the major dictators of personality, along with the presence of unconscious divergences of individuals. In such theory, libido (defined by Freud as a ‘psychological energy’) is the primary determinant of our behaviour. This perspective concentrates on the conflict between an individual’s biological motivation (instincts) and the social rules which guide common individual behaviour. In the psychodynamic theory, the structure of personality is described in terms of the conscious, preconscious and unconscious (id, ego and superego). Other major contributors of this theory were Carl Jung (collective unconscious), Alfred Adler (compensation for inferiority) and Erik Erikson (psychosocial development).
Trait Theory
The trait approach is derived from Darwin’s theory of evolution and the emphasis on individual variation within a species, defining the function of that individual in the social setting. This theory is mainly concerned with the heritable traits which determine behaviour and result in particular characteristics and types of individuals. Such theory began with Gordon Allport around 1937. Allport defined a trait as “a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide equivalent (meaningfully consistent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior.” (1961)
The Big Five is a model of personality that describes five defining personality traits. They were originally described by Warren Norman (1963) and consist of: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Phenomenological Theory
The Phenomenological approach stresses the importance of the cognitive side of human behaviour – therefore – what and how people think. Phenomenological theory dictates that conscious thoughts and beliefs are the major determinants of personality. This approach puts individuals in the role of scientist: analysing the world and themselves within a social context to reach conclusions about the formation and display of personality traits. George Kelly, a clinical psychologist, developed the concept of ‘personal constructs’ which refers to the “categories with which we interpret our experiences” (Peterson 1997). The personal construct theory suggests that our interpretations of the world around us create our personality. Therefore the concept of personality is a flexible one.
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given beh
Time and again we hear that women love the bad boys. There are even books out on how to essentially be a jerk off and get women. And apparently some of the methods actually work! What is it about the whole bad boy thing and where do you draw the line between being a nice guy but being a jerk to see some action? There is a way to be yourself while being a so called 'bad boy' at the same time.One of the best lines in a movie that make women swoon comes from one of the Star Wars movies. It is when Han Solo is about to be lowered down and become frozen. The moment before he gets lowered, Princess Leah says to Han, “I love you”. And then Han Solo responds. And what he says makes women go absolutely wild with ecstasy. Han pauses, looks at Leah, and simpley says “…I know.” Isn’t it amazing that women get so turned on by Han not saying “I love you” back, but instead saying “I know”! This sums up the turn on to the bad boy mentality to a tee.So the Han Solo character works for women. But what was it exactly about him that women appreciated? It’s the fa
The Big Five is a model of personality that describes five defining personality traits. They were originally described by Warren Norman (1963) and consist of: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Phenomenological Theory
The Phenomenological approach stresses the importance of the cognitive side of human behaviour – therefore – what and how people think. Phenomenological theory dictates that conscious thoughts and beliefs are the major determinants of personality. This approach puts individuals in the role of scientist: analysing the world and themselves within a social context to reach conclusions about the formation and display of personality traits. George Kelly, a clinical psychologist, developed the concept of ‘personal constructs’ which refers to the “categories with which we interpret our experiences” (Peterson 1997). The personal construct theory suggests that our interpretations of the world around us create our personality. Therefore the concept of personality is a flexible one.
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given beh
Divorce appears to be the new tendency in marriages these days. The entire globe appears to have jumped on the bandwagon which is endlessly being caused by split-ups in the entertainment industry. The holiness of wedlock is being sacrificed and it has turned into a marketplace for divorce- driven objects such as divorce attorneys.A great many people believe that obtaining a divorce is the sole means to pull out of a distressed relationship. However, as the wonderful philosopher Aristotle said, "There is always a third option." Regarding individuals that believe that obtaining a divorce is the same thing as being contented, try thinking it through again. A current study that was lead by Ms. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago disclosed that divorced individuals are not any happier. An additional even more amazing reality that was uncovered by the research is that 67% of the individuals that became distressed about their marriages later stated that they were happy in their marriages five years later. Her group additionally discovered that a pre
Phenomenological theory was further developed by Carl Rogers’ self-actualisation concepts. According to Rogers, the drive towards self-actualisation (familiar to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) was the major determinant of an individual’s personality. This humanistic and optimistic approach was also the basis for Rogers’ client-centred therapy.
Social Learning Theory
Finally, the social learning theory focuses mainly on the influence of social dynamics and learning. This approached is based on behaviourism and it stresses the importance that the human learning process has in the formation of personality traits. In social learning theory, the most important psychological process is learning. The pioneering theorists of this approach were John Dollard and Neal Miller, authors of the book Personality and Psychotherapy (1950). According to them, people learn behaviours that decrease their physiological drive.
Albert Bandura also played a key role in the development of this theory. Bandura affirmed that people learn through modelling, and such modelling becomes the main determinant of personality. The concept of self-efficacy, the belief that one can perform a given behaviour, creates an immediate mechanism in which people modify behaviour in order to improve performance in life.
The Human Perspective
Personality is not only part of the realms of scientific research and behavioural studies. In order to better understand the world, we tend to create patterns – to classify everything we can into groups based on common characteristics. This learning process seems to work effectively with our brain structure, and also to improve the interpersonal communication process and to define roles in a social setting. It is normal that we analyse other people’s behaviours and physical appearance based on predefined ideas which are enforced by our experiences, culture, inherited traits and social setting.
A common example of such effect is found in the perspective towards personality: there are hundreds of popular measurements of personality available through varied media and in different formats. Horoscopes, personality and intelligence tests, amongst others, are all part of our own way to view the world and to place individuals on common ground. It seems almost natural to categorise ourselves and others in an attempt to make sense of the world. Perhaps this evidence indicates that Kelly’s argument is particularly accurate: in a social setting, aren’t we all scientists?
Content Sources
1. Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality.
2. Peterson, C (1997) Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach. Addison-Wesley, New York.
HTTP = HTML link (for blogs, profiles,phorums):
<a href="http://www.diggitup.net/article/222247/diggitup-The-Word-Personality.html">The Word: Personality</a>
BB link (for phorums):
[url=http://www.diggitup.net/article/222247/diggitup-The-Word-Personality.html]The Word: Personality[/url]
Related Articles:
Choosing a Theme for Your WordPress Blog
Sacred Love - Building Relationships That Last
Bookmark it:
|